Jio 5G फोन हुआ लिस्ट, इसमें है 1GB रैम, ‘Made in india’ 5जी फोन मचाएगा तहलका
By
Abhinandan sanjay Singh
-
September 30, 2020
यह पिक्चर एनिमेटेड है, वास्तविक नहीं।
Reliance Jio द्वारा एंडरॉयड 5G फोन को पेश किए जाने की घोषणा के बाद से यूजर्स को बेसब्री से इस फोन का इंतजार है। यूजर्स ही नहीं बल्कि अन्य मोबाइल ब्रांड्स भी जियो की प्लानिंग पर नज़र बनाए हुए हैं। हालांकि, Google के साथ मिलकर 5जी फोन लाने वाली रिलायंस जियो ने ऑफिशियल तौर पर हैंडसेट के बारे में अभी तक कोई जानकारी साझा नहीं की है। लेकिन, कुछ समय पहले एक रिपोर्ट सामने आई थी, जिसमें कहा गया था कि रिलांयस इस साल दिसंबर में नए जियो स्मार्टफोन को लॉन्च कर सकती है। वहीं, रिलायंस का मॉडल नंबर RC545L वाला फोन गूगल प्ले कंसोल पर स्पॉट किया गया है।
Orbic स्मार्टफोन सीरीज
लिस्टिंग में सामने आया फोन रिलायंस ऑर्बिक स्मार्टफोन सीरीज के तहत पेश किया जा सकता है, जिससे उम्मीद लगाई जा रही है कि कंपनी एक बार फिर से Orbic स्मार्टफोन सीरीज को वापस लाने की तैयारी में है। पिछले कुछ दिनों में कई ऑर्बिक स्मार्टफोन्स को सर्टिफिकेशन्स भी मिले हैं। इस लिस्टिंग को टिप्स्टर मुकुल शर्मा ने स्पॉट किया है।
डिजाइन और डिसप्ले
गूगल प्ले कंसोल पर फोन का फ्रंट लुक भी दिखाया गया है। इस तस्वीर के अनुसार फोन में टॉप और बॉटम में मोटे बेजल्स होंगे। हालांकि, फोन के रियर का लुक फिलहाल सामने नहीं आया है। इसके अलावा लिस्टिंग के अनुसार डिवाइस 18:9 के आस्पेक्ट रेशियो के साथ एचडी+ डिसप्ले से लैस होगा। इसे भी पढ़ें: अब हवाई जहाज में 30 हजार फुट की ऊंचाई पर भी होगी Jio सिम से बातें, जानें कैसे
क्वालकॉम स्नैपड्रैगन प्रोसेसर
लिस्टिंग के अनुसार यह फोन क्वालकॉम स्नैपड्रैगन QM215 मोबाइल प्लेटफॉर्म से लैस होगा इसके अलावा डिवाइस आउट-ऑफ-द बॉक्स ऐंड्रॉयड 10 (गो एडिशन) वाला हो सकता है। वहीं, यह फोन एड्रीनो 306 जीपीयू से लैस होगा।
1GB रैम
हालांकि, गूगल प्ले कंसोल की लिस्टिंग में इस फोन के रैम के बारे में कोई जानकारी नहीं आई है। लेकिन, माना जा रहा है कि यह एंट्री लेवल का सस्ता स्मार्टफोन होगा तो इसलिए इसमें 1जीबी की रैम होगी।
कीमत
कीमत की बात करें तो हाल ही में एक रिपोर्ट सामने आई थी, जिसमें बताया गया था कि यह फोन एक एंट्री लेवल हैंडसेट होगा। इस फोन की कीमत 54 डॉलर यानी करीब 4000 रुपए के आसपास होगी।
डाटा पैक के साथ आ सकता है जियो 5G स्मार्टफोन
दरअसल, बिजनेस स्टैंडर्ड अखबार ने सूत्रों के हवाले से बताया कि रिलायंस इंडस्ट्रीज की टेलिकॉम इकाई Jio कम लागत वाले 10 करोड़ स्मार्टफोन का निर्माण करने वाली है जो कि गूगल के एंडरॉयड प्लेटफॉर्म पर आधारित होगा। बुधवार को अखबार ने बताया कि फोन को डाटा पैक के साथ इस साल दिसंबर या अगले साल की शुरुआत में लॉन्च किया जा सकता है। इसे भी पढ़ें: सिर्फ 4,000 रुपये में लॉन्च होगा Jio Android SmartPhone, अंबानी ने की चाइनीज ब्रांड्स को धोने की तैयारी
JioPhone 5 की भी तैयारी
91मोबाइल्स को हाल ही में एक्सक्लूसिव जानकारी मिली थी कि कंपनी अपने सस्ते फीचर फोन पर काम कर रही है और इस प्रोजेक्ट का नाम JioPhone 5 है। JioPhone 5 की जानकारी हमें इंडस्ट्री के ऐसे सोर्स से मिली थी जो इस प्रोजेक्ट से जुड़े हुए हैं। नाम न छापने की शर्त पर सूत्र ने हमें बताया है कि रिलायंस जियो एक बेहद ही कम कीमत वाले मोबाइल फोन को बाजार में लाने की तैयारी कर रही है और इस सस्ते फीचर फोन के प्रोजेक्ट का नाम Jio Phone 5 है। यह प्रोजेक्ट अभी डेवलेमेंट स्टेज पर है और इसे लॉन्च होने तथा मार्केट में सेल के लिए उपलब्ध होने में अभी थोड़ा और वक्त लगेगा।
Potentiometer: Definition, Types, And Working Principle
What is a Potentiometer?
A potentiometer (also known as a pot or potmeter) is defined as a 3 terminal variable resistor in which the resistance is manually varied to control the flow of electric current. A potentiometer acts as an adjustable voltage divider.
How Does a Potentiometer Work?
A potentiometer is a passive electronic component. Potentiometers work by varying the position of a sliding contact across a uniform resistance. In a potentiometer, the entire input voltage is applied across the whole length of the resistor, and the output voltage is the voltage drop between the fixed and sliding contact as shown below.
A potentiometer has the two terminals of the input source fixed to the end of the resistor. To adjust the output voltage the sliding contact gets moved along the resistor on the output side.
This is different to a rheostat, where here one end is fixed and the sliding terminal is connected to the circuit, as shown below.
This is a very basic instrument used for comparing the emf of two cells and for calibrating ammeter, voltmeter, and watt-meter. The basic working principle of a potentiometer is quite simple. Suppose we have connected two batteries in parallel through a galvanometer. The negative battery terminals are connected together and positive battery terminals are also connected together through a galvanometer as shown in the figure below.
Here, if the electric potential of both battery cells is exactly the same, there is no circulating current in the circuit and hence the galvanometer shows null deflection. The working principle of potentiometer depends upon this phenomenon.
Now let’s think about another circuit, where a battery is connected across a resistor via a switch and a rheostat as shown in the figure below.
The resistor has the uniform electrical resistance per unit length throughout its length. Hence, the voltage drop per unit length of the resistor is equal throughout its length. Suppose, by adjusting the rheostat we get v volt voltage drop appearing per unit length of the resistor.
Now, the positive terminal of a standard cell is connected to point A on the resistor and the negative terminal of the same is connected with a galvanometer. The other end of the galvanometer is in contact with the resistor via a sliding contact as shown in the figure above. By adjusting this sliding end, a point like B is found where there is no current through the galvanometer, hence no deflection in the galvanometer.
That means, emf of the standard cell is just balanced by the voltage appearing in the resistor across points A and B. Now if the distance between points A and B is L, then we can write emf of standard cell E = Lv volt.
This is how a potentiometer measures the voltage between two points (here between A and B) without taking any current component from the circuit. This is the specialty of a potentiometer, it can measure voltage most accurately.
Potentiometer Types
There are two main types of potentiometers:
Rotary potentiometer
Linear potentiometer
Although the basic constructional features of these potentiometers vary, the working principle of both of these types of potentiometers is the same.
Note that these are types of DC potentiometers – the types of AC potentiometers are slightly different.
Rotary Potentiometers
The rotary type potentiometers are used mainly for obtaining adjustable supply voltage to a part of electronic circuits and electrical circuits. The volume controller of a radio transistor is a popular example of a rotary potentiometer where the rotary knob of the potentiometer controls the supply to the amplifier.
This type of potentiometer has two terminal contacts between which a uniform resistance is placed in a semi-circular pattern. The device also has a middle terminal which is connected to the resistance through a sliding contact attached with a rotary knob. By rotating the knob one can move the sliding contact on the semi-circular resistance. The voltage is taken between a resistance end contact and the sliding contact. The potentiometer is also named as the POT in short. POT is also used in substation battery chargers to adjust the charging voltage of a battery. There are many more uses of rotary type potentiometer where smooth voltage control is required.
Linear Potentiometers
The linear potentiometer is basically the same but the only difference is that here instead of rotary movement the sliding contact gets moved on the resistor linearly. Here two ends of a straight resistor are connected across the source voltage. A sliding contact can be slide on the resistor through a track attached along with the resistor. The terminal connected to the sliding is connected to one end of the output circuit and one of the terminals of the resistor is connected to the other end of the output circuit.
This type of potentiometer is mainly used to measure the voltage across a branch of a circuit, for measuring the internal resistance of a battery cell, for comparing a battery cell with a standard cell and in our daily life, it is commonly used in the equalizer of music and sound mixing systems.
Digital Potentiometers
Digital potentiometers are three-terminal devices, two fixed end terminals and one wiper terminal which is used to vary the output voltage.
Digital potentiometers have various applications, including calibrating a system, adjusting offset voltage, tuning filters, controlling screen brightness, and controlling sound volume.
However mechanical potentiometers suffer from some serious disadvantages which make it unsuitable for applications where precision is required. Size, wiper contamination, mechanical wear, resistance drift, sensitivity to vibration, humidity, etc. are some of the main disadvantages of a mechanical potentiometer. Hence to overcome these drawbacks, digital potentiometers are more common in applications since it provides higher accuracy.
Digital Potentiometer Circuit
The circuit of a digital potentiometer consists of two parts, first the resistive element along with electronic switches and second the control circuit of the wiper. The figure below shows both the part respectively.
The first part is an array of resistors, and each node is connected to a common point W, except the endpoints A and B, via a two-way electronic switch. The terminal W is the wiper terminal. Each of the switches is designed using CMOS technology and only one of the switches out of all is in ON state at any given time of the potentiometer operation.
The switch which is ON determines the potentiometer resistance and the number of switches determines the resolution of the device. Now which switch is to be made ON is controlled by the control circuit. The control circuit consists of an RDAC register which can be written digitally using interface such as SPI, I2C, up/down or can be manually controlled by push buttons or a digital encoder. The diagram above shows that of a push-button controlled digital potentiometer. One button is for “UP” or increasing the resistance and the other for “DOWN” i.e. decreasing the resistance.
Generally, the wiper position is at the middle switch when the digital potentiometer off. After power is switched on, depending upon our requirement we can increase or decrease the resistance by a suitable push-button operation. Besides, advanced digital potentiometers also have an inbuilt onboard memory which can store the last position of the wiper. Now this memory can be of the volatile type or permanent type both, depending upon the application.
For example, in the case of volume control of a device, we expect the device to remember the volume setting we used last even after we switch it on again. Hence a permanent type of memory such as EEPROM is suitable here. On the other hand for systems that recalibrates the output continuously and it is not necessary to restore previous value, a volatile memory is used.
Advantages of Digital Potentiometers
The advantages of digital potentiometers are:
Higher reliability
Increased accuracy
Small size, multiple potentiometers can be packed on a single chip
Negligible resistance drift
Unaffected by environmental conditions like vibrations, humidity, shocks and wiper contamination
No moving part
Tolerance up to ±1%
Very low power dissipation, up to tens of milliwatts
Disadvantages of Digital Potentiometers
The disadvantages of digital potentiometers are:
Not suitable for high temperature environment and high power application.
Due to the parasitic capacitance of the electronic switches, there is a bandwidth consideration that comes into the picture in digital potentiometers. It is the maximum signal frequency that can cross the resistance terminals with less than 3 dB attenuation in the wiper. The transfer equation is similar to that of a low pass filter.
The nonlinearity in the wiper resistance adds a harmonic distortion to the output signal. The total harmonic distortion, or THD, quantifies the degree to which the signal is degraded after crossing through the resistance.
Applications of Potentiometer
There are many different uses of a potentiometer. The three main applications of a potentiometer are:
Comparing the emf of a battery cell with a standard cell
Measuring the internal resistance of a battery cell
Measuring the voltage across a branch of a circuit
Comparing EMF of Battery Cells
One of the main uses of a potentiometer is to compare the emf of one battery cell with a standard battery cell. Let’s take a cell whose emf is to be compared with a standard cell. The positive terminal of the cell and the same of the standard cell are joined together with the fixed end of the potentiometer resistor. The negative terminal of both cells is joined with the galvanometer in turn through a two-way switch. The other end of the galvanometer is connected to a sliding contact on the resistor. Now by adjusting sliding contact on the resistor, it is found that the null deflection of galvanometer comes for the first cell at a length of L on the scale. After positioning the two-way switch to the second cell and then by adjusting the sliding contact, it is found that the null deflection of galvanometer comes for that cell at a length of L1 on the scale. The first cell is a standard cell and its emf is E. The second cell is an unknown cell whose emf is E1. Now as per above explanation, we can write
As the emf of the standard cell is known, hence emf of the unknown cell can easily be determined.
Measuring Internal Resistance of A Battery Cell
In this process, one battery is connected across the resistor of a potentiometer through a galvanometer as shown in the figure below. One resistance of known value (R) is connected across the battery through a switch. First, we keep the switch open and adjust the sliding contact of the potentiometer resistor to make the galvanometer current zero. Once the galvanometer shows zero deflection from its null point we take the position of the sliding contact tip on the resistor scale. Say this is L1.
Now we make the switch on. At that condition, a circulating current starts flowing through the battery cell as well as the resistance (R). As a result, there is a voltage drop in the battery itself due to its internal resistance. So now the voltage across the battery cell would be a little bit less than its open circuit voltage or emf of the cell. Now again we adjust the sliding contact on the transistor to make the galvanometer current zero and once it becomes zero that is zero deflection is indicated in the galvanometer, we take the position of the sliding contact tip on the resistor scale and say it is L2.
The internal resistance of the battery cell can be found out by using this below shown formula.
Where r is the internal resistance of the battery cell.
Measurement of Voltage by Potentiometer
The principle of measuring voltage across a branch of a circuit with help of a potentiometer is also simple. Here first we have to adjust the rheostat to adjust the current through the resistor so that it causes a specific voltage drop per unit length of the resistor. Now we have to connect one end of the branch to the beginning of the resistor and other end is connected to the sliding contact of the resistor through a galvanometer. Now we have to slide the sliding contact on the resistor until the galvanometer shows zero deflection. When the galvanometer comes to its null condition we have to take the reading of the position of the sliding contact tip on the resistor scale and accordingly we can find out the voltage across the branch of the circuit since we have already adjusted the voltage per unit length of the resistor.
Rheostat vs Potentiometer
A potentiometer gives variable voltage. A rheostat gives variable resistance. The potentiometer is a three terminal device whereas a rheostat is a two terminal device. Construction wise both of the devices look similar but their principle of operation is entirely different. In potentiometer two end terminals of the uniform resistance are connected to the source circuit. In rheostat, only one terminal of the uniform resistance is connected to the circuit and the other end of the resistance is kept open. In both potentiometer and rheostat, there is a sliding contact on the resistance.
In potentiometer, the output voltage is taken between fixed and sliding contact. In rheostat, the variable resistance is achieved between fixed and sliding terminal. The resistance of potentiometer gets connected across the circuit. The resistance of rheostat is connected in series with the circuit. The rheostat is generally used to control the current by adjusting resistance with the help of sliding contact. In potentiometer, the voltage is controlled by adjusting the sliding contact on the resistance.
tat, the variable resistance is achieved between fixed and sliding terminal. The resistance of potentiometer gets connected across the circuit. The resistance of rheostat is connected in series with the circuit. The rheostat is generally used to control the current by adjusting resistance with the help of sliding contact. In potentiometer, the voltage is controlled by adjusting the sliding contact on the resistance.
Potentiometer Driver Cell
The potentiometer measures voltage by comparing the measuring voltage with voltage across the resistance of the potentiometer. So for operation of potentiometer there must be a source voltage connected across the potentiometer circuit. This cell to provide this source voltage to drive the potentiometer is called driver cell. The driver cell delivers the current through the resistance of potentiometer. The product of this current and the resistance of the potentiometer provides full scale voltage of the device. By adjusting this voltage one can change the sensitivity of the potentiometer. This is normally done by adjusting current through the resistance. The current flowing through the resistance is controlled by a rheostat connected in series with the driver cell. This is to be remembered that the voltage of the driver cell must be greater than the voltage to be measured.
Potentiometer Sensitivity
The sensitivity of a potentiometer implies what the small voltage difference can be measured by the potentiometer. For same driver voltage if we increase the length of the potentiometer resistance, length of the resistance per unit voltage gets increased. Hence the sensitivity of the potentiometer gets increased. So we can say sensitivity of a potentiometer is directly proportional to the length of the resistance. Again if we reduce the driver voltage for a fixed length of potentiometer resistance, then also voltage per unit length of the resistance gets decreased. Hence again the sensitivity of the potentiometer gets increased. So the sensitivity of the potentiometer is inversely proportional to the driver voltage.
The twinkling of stars is also due to atmospheric refraction.
The air in the earth's atmosphere is such that it has increasing refractive index
When starlight enters earth's atmosphere it undergoes multiple refraction continuously before it reaches the earth.
Because of the increasing refractive index, the starlight bends downwards (ie towards the normal) and thereby the apparent position of the star is slightly higher than its actual position.
Also, this apparent position of the star is not fixed. It keeps on changing slightly since the atmospheric conditions of the earth keep varying
But however the stars are so distant that they appear fixed to the naked eye
Early sunset and Delayed sunrise
Atmospheric Refraction is the same reason that the sun is seen about 2 minutes before actual sunrise and is seen for about 2 minutes after sunset.
The actual position of the sun is slightly shifted from the actual position of the sun.
Tyndall Effect
The earth's atmosphere is a mixture of many minute particles such as smoke, water droplets, dust etc. When a beam of light strikes these fine particles, the path taken by that beam becomes visible. Light gets reflected continuously by these particles and then reaches us.
This phenomenon of scattering of light by particles is the Tyndall effect.
Tyndall effects explain why we see the sky as blue, forests as green and so on.
Why does the Sky appear clear blue?
The air molecules and other fine particles have sizes smaller than the wavelength of visible light.
Such particles scatter light of shorter wavelengths ie blue more effectively than longer wavelengths( red)
When sunlight passes through the atmosphere, the blue end of the spectrum is scattered more.
This enters our eyes and hence we see the sky as blue
